Face-to-Face: Science, Trust, Democracy, and the Internet

(2022) Cardiff, Wales: Cardiff University Press
Authors
Affiliations

Harry Collins

Cardiff University

Rob Evans

Cardiff University

Martin Innes

Cardiff University

Eric B Kennedy

York University

Will Mason-Wilkes

Cardiff University

John McLevey

University of Waterloo

Published

May 12, 2022

Description

The internet is changing the way that knowledge is made and shared. Knowledge-making in face-to-face settings is being replaced by information gathering from remote sources, whose origins may be concealed but which can create an illusion of intimacy. Though remote communication is beneficial in many ways – modern societies would fail without it – and though the tight boundaries of the face-to-face can be used for evil purposes such as criminal conspiracy, if the overall trend to remote communication continues unchecked, it could be disastrous for the future of democracy and the very idea of truth itself. Too much reliance on remote communication threatens the core institutions of democratic societies.

We explain the change in technical detail, from a systematic analysis of the workings of the face-to-face to a high level setting-out of its dangerous political implications. The analysis includes field studies, reflexive examination, drawing on the wide experience of the authors, of the stickiness of the face-to-face in our own work and other institutions, and network analysis which explains the illusion of intimacy that can be generated inadvertently or maliciously. We look at the apparent effectiveness of techniques such as blockchain and the limits of their domain. New information is provided about the malicious use of disinformation by foreign powers. We dramatise the dangers to Western pluralist democracy through a personal accounting of the 2020 American election.

By drawing out the special features of face-to-face interaction and its constitutive role in creating societies, with science as the icon, the book sets out an agenda for civic education that can protect democratic institutions from the erosion of pluralism and the facile abandonment of trustworthy expertise. The authors conclude by returning to the themes set out at the start of the book, namely the crucial role played by trust in modern societies and the importance of face-to-face interactions in reproducing that trust, and the democratic institutions in which it should be invested.



Contents

Introduction | The Wide Reach of the Argument

Part I: Foundations: Communication, Socialization and Trust

Chapter 1 | What Trust and Communication Are For

Chapter 2 | Forming Societies and Learning to Trust and to Rely

Chapter 3 | Completing the Story of Face-to-Face Communication

Part II: Arguments and Evidence: Can Remote Communication Replace Face to Face?

Chapter 4 | Remote Technology and Trust

Chapter 5 | Can Remote Replace Face-to-Face Communication?

Chapter 6 | Small Groups to Big Groups: When Big Groups Are Trustworthy

Chapter 7 | The ‘Stickiness’ of Face-to-Face Communication: Some Case Studies

Chapter 8 | When Remote Communication Is Not Trustworthy

Chapter 9 | Disinformation and Misinformation

Part III: Consequences: Science, Truth, Democracy and the Nature of Society

Chapter 10 | Some Immediate Consequences of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic for Science

Chapter 11 | The Nature of Democracy and Scientific Expertise

Chapter 12 | What Is to Be Done?

Postscript | The November 2020 Election in the USA

Appendixes

Appendix A | Propaganda and Other Traditions

Appendix B | (i) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disinformation, (ii) Update on Disinformation in General, and (iii) a Warning about How Not to Fix the Problem

Appendix C | The Delineated Cases of Citizen Participation in Science and Technology

Appendix D | An Alternative View: Successful Business Interaction Without Face-to-Face Communication

Appendix E | Second Language Learning

Citation

BibTeX citation:
@book{collins2022,
  author = {Collins, Harry and Evans, Rob and Innes, Martin and B
    Kennedy, Eric and Mason-Wilkes, Will and McLevey, John},
  publisher = {Cardiff University Press},
  title = {Face-to-Face: {Science,} {Trust,} {Democracy,} and the
    {Internet}},
  date = {2022-05-12},
  address = {Cardiff, Wales},
  langid = {en}
}
For attribution, please cite this work as:
Collins, Harry, Rob Evans, Martin Innes, Eric B Kennedy, Will Mason-Wilkes, and John McLevey. 2022. Face-to-Face: Science, Trust, Democracy, and the Internet. Cardiff, Wales: Cardiff University Press.